.... samples of maternal blood instead of amniotic fluid. The problem with amniocentesis is it uses a hollow needle to take fluid from the mother's uterus. The needle could damage the developing fetus if not inserted properly. Another advantage of FISH is that the parents get a much quicker test result than amniocentesis. After the sample is taken, amniocentesis can take up to three weeks before a test can be administered. With FISH, a same day result is given, which is much more convenient to the parents. Additionally, FISH is a simpler process. It uses specially prepared molecules whic .....

.... a nutrient medium. The cells grow and divide, forming embryonic tissues that are transferred to soil, where they produce complete plants. Grafting is another method of cloning used in Horticulture. Matching cuts are made in the stems of two plants, which are then fitted together so that their transport systems are in contact. The wounded area heals, and the two stems become a single physiological unit. All the McIntosh apple trees now in use and many other fruit varieties have been derived by grafting from single ancestral trees. "Nuclear transplantation," in which nuclei from cells of one .....

.... hair as a noose to split apart cells of a two-celled salamander embryo, and obtained a normal salamander from each cell. Thirty-six years later, Spermann used nuclear transportation to create a clone. He took the nucleus, the cellular structure that contains the most genetic material and controls growth and development, and removed it from an egg cell of an organism. Spermann had successfully created another clone. Later on, other scientists were able to clone plants very easily. Plants are simple in structure and them became very popular with scientists. In the lab scientists have cloned .....

.... of fungi is not very clear because scientists have never realy wnt in great deepth , because fungi are not needed commericaly. the ancestors of fungi lived in shallow bodies of water about 600-800 million years ago. Some of the things the fungi had to encounter from living out of water was, there was more sunlight that was normally blocked be the water, and the had to do something about the rapid shifts in tempature and seasonal shifts. Fungi are different from other plants in many ways. The general characteristics of fungi are extracellalar digestion, peculiar structures, growth patt .....

.... radius of the hale depends on the amount of change in the direction of the sun's light. Usually this is 22 degrees. Since the sun is 1/2 of a degree across, the radius of the halo is 44 sun-widths. Occasionally you may see a second halo at 46 degrees from the sun (that is, with a radius of 92 sun-widths). This is produced by sunlight passing through both the side and bottom of each crystal. Moonlight will also produce a halo, around the moon, with the proper layer of cirrostatus. Another common optical effect is known as "mock suns" or "sun dogs" or "parhelia" (Greek for "with the sun" .....

.... is absorbed by the soil until it is thoroughly wetted. Then excess infiltration begins to move slowly downward to the water table. Once it reaches the water table, it is called ground water. Ground water continues to move downward and laterally through the subsurface. Eventually it discharges through hillside springs or seeps into streams, lakes, and the ocean where it is again evaporated to perpetuate the cycle. GROUND WATER AND SUBSURFACE WATER Most rock or soil near the earth's surface is composed of solids and voids. The voids are spaces between grains of sand, or cracks in dense roc .....

.... the estimated ages of meteorites found on Earth that are believed to have originated on Mars (Meteorites from Mars, 1). The meteorites were dated using radiometric dating methods (Erjavec, 1). The most widely accepted theory of life on Mars is that of the recently conceived primitive, or microscopic, life may have existed on early Mars. "A NASA research team at the Johnson Space Center and at Stanford University has found evidence that strongly suggests primitive life may have existed on Mars more than 3.6 billion years ago" (Release: 96-160, 1). Many meteorites have landed on earth, .....

.... clues as to how the bison were butchered. Some bones were found with spear points in the bodies, some whole skeletons were found closer to the bottom, and some bones were scattered all over. It can be inferred from the patterning of the bison bones that they were butchered differently. Middle range theory also plays a part in the Olsen-Chubbuck site. From the visible remains of the bison, we can estimate from the skeletal remains of the bison that the total meat was 60,000 pounds and the total amount of people capable of butchering the bison would be 150, thereby relating the a .....

.... here is only related to pollution that directly harms people and the environment they live in, not pollution like carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases or other factors concerned with the global warming issue. The causes of environmental problems and the actual problems that were caused are the first subject that must be explored. Air pollution is by far the most serious pollution problem is eastern Europe. In general, the problem was caused by the burning of coal in industry and lead-based diesel non-desulferized petrol in cars. This resulted in very high amounts of sulfur oxides (part .....

.... capable of creating more practical and accurate devices for measuring time—the anaphoric clock and the astrolabe. Although Ptolemy was familiar with both the anaphoric clock and the astrolabe, I believe that the development of the anaphoric clock preceded the development of the astrolabe. The earliest example, in western culture, of a celestial sphere is attributed to the presocratic philosopher Thales. Unfortunately, little is known about Thales’ sphere beyond Cicero’s description in the De re publica: For Gallus told us that the other kind of celestial globe, which was solid and c .....